Industrial apparatus for thermometric analysis



June 16, 1925.

.P CHEVENARD INDUSTRIIAL APPARATUS FOR THERMOMETRIC ANALYSIS Filed Feb.1922 III .lnven for? B m y Attorneys Patented June 1 6, 1925.

s UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE;

, PIERRE CHEVENARRQF IMPHY, l nn vcn, ASSIGNOR To sooincrn nNoNYMnnnGOMMENTB-Y, FOURGHAMBAULT & DECAZEVILLE, or rams, FRANCE,

rnnusramr APPARATUS FOR TnnaMo /rmmc ANALYSIS.

i i i Application filed February 7, 1922; Serial No. 534,782.

To all to/10m; it may concern:

Be it known that I, PIERRE GI-IEVENARD, a citizen of France, and aresident, of Imphy, Nievre, France, have invented new and usefulImprovements in Industrial Apparatus for Thermometric Analysis, which isfully set forth in the following specification. The present inventionhas for its object an improved industrial apparatus for thermometricanalysis and which. is simple and strong, and even when hurriedlyinstalled and entrusted to an operator of but little experience, yieldsverydefiniteresults which can be turned to immediate account; moreover,the simplicity of its construction per.- mits of its being produced atamoderate price. These combined qualities adapt the improved apparatusfor precise experiments carried out in research laboratories, for instruction purposes, and; for industrial de cisions. It isparticularlyuseful in thermometric operations for determining thehardening properties of alloys and principally of steels.

The apparatus when in operation inscribes two curves simultaneously on asheet of -l diagram paper mounted on a chronograph cylinder '5 the firstexpresses the variations of the temperature of the: substances underexamination, the indication of these variations being caused bychangesin length of, a needle made of s'pecialalloy and engaging with slightfriction in a hole bored-through the specimen; the second showsthe'thermometricexpansion of the specimen. The special alloy used in theconstruction of the needle is,preferably,the alloy disclosed in my U. S.Patent No. 1,489,116, dated April 1st, 1924. Thisalloy is preferablyformed of the fo1- lowing elements,l lickel or cobalt, to

9 0%; chromium, 10% ,to 25%; tungsten, 0%

to 5%; carbon, 0.2% to 0.6%; manganese,

t0 1 g i i If necessary the tungsten may be replaced by an equivalentquantity of molybdenum, and the alloy may, have added thereto vanadium0% to 1%, titanium 0% to 5%, uranium 0% to 0.5%, boron'.0% to 0.5%,zirconium 0% to 0.5%, for the purpose of facilitating the metallurgicalelaboration.

By the combined action of the chromium, manganese, carbon and,ifdesired, tungsten, etc.,, the point of transformation of the nickel orcobalt isfreduced considerably below the ordinary temperature wherebythe alloy is entirely exempt from thermic anomalies. a

The thermometric phenomena which ac company transformations ofpolymorphous substances determine the appearance of peculiarities inthetemperaturetime curve; but these peculiarities,:which are very evidentwhen the temperature rapidly varies, become, on the contrary, scarcelyperceptible at low temperatures,when the rate of cooling is small. a i

.The object of the curve of expansion is precisely to reveal all themanifestations of thetransformation. Infact, changes incondition of mostpolymorphous substances are accompaniedaby a variation of volume,theextent of which is sensibly independent of the" rapidity of the changesof temperature. In particular, in steels, in certain bronzes, in certainvarieties of silica, etc., the amplitude of thischange of volume, isconsiderable: all the points of transformation are, therefore, shownverydistinctly in the expansion curve, and it is suflicient to consider thecorresponding point of the first curve in order to earn the temperatureof the phenomenon. The following descripton relative to the drawing,given by way of example, will explain the nature and advantages of theinvention.

tube tof moulded silica the rounded point ,of the needle (l -and thehemispherical endlof the specimen '6 impinge on thebottomof this tubet li I i The mechanisms intended for amplifying the expansions of theneedle and of the substance under examination are identical, di-

mensions being excepted; to facilitate the reading of the drawing theparts relating to the specimen eare indicated at b, c, d", f, g, andthose relating to the pyrometric needle a at b 0 65 fig? The expansion,of the specimen e and of the pyrometric needle transferred to theoutside of the: furnace by rods 6, 6 of silica prolonged by tongues 0, cof tempered steel, is transmitted to the points cl,

03 ot levers of the second class f, F, the fixed axes of which aredetermined by the points 7), p Beads or projections .g, g of polishedsteel fixed to the end of movable levers f, f transmit the movement oi?the latter to blunt points it, h which form the ends of the short armsof bent levers 7;, A1 The levers k partially balanced by counterweightsZ, P, are movable about the horizontal axes m, and carry pens or stylesn, n at the ends of their long arms; pens n, a record curves 7", r onthe cylinder q.

The two levers 7c and k are of exactly the same appropriate length andtheir axes m are in alignment with each other. Consequently, the.corresponding points of the two curves occur on one and thesaniecircular ordinate. T he short arms of the levers f and f being unequal(see Fig. 8), the expansion of the specimen is less amplified than :thatoi? the needle; the meeting of the two pens is therefore impossible,even it the expansion of the substance under xamination-shouldlbeappreciably greater than that oi the alloy forming the needle.

Owing to the power called into play during expansion, the apparatuspossesses several essential qualities:

(1) Very great strength.

(2-) Accuracy of indications and absence of delay in recordingfaultlessphenomena, even it changes of temperature are very rapid.

(3) Complete immunity from shaki-ngs and disturbances due to friction,so that the curves traced by the apparatus are exact and endowed withvery great clearness.

It is obvious that-the arrangements which have just been described, byWay of example, are by no :means 1' rlting and modification-s may beapplied to them without departing from the scope of the invention.

Having thus described the nature of the said invention and thebestmea-ns I know of carrying the same into practical eiiect, I claim'1. A device of the class described comprising, in combination, acontainer, a specimen of the substance under examination placed in saidcontainer, a pair of rods operatively engaging said specimen, record mgmeans engaging one oli said rods for 1ndicating variations intemperature of the specimen, and'means engaging the other of said rodsfor indicating variations in expansion of said specimen.

2. Industrial apparatus for thermometric analysis comprising incombination, a tube,

a specimen o-t'the substance under-examination placed in the :tube,recording means operatively engaging said specimen for graphicallyindicating exterior'ly of the tube the variations in temperature of thespecimen, and means including a lever for graphically indicatingexteriorly of the tube the variations in the expansion of the specimen.

3. Industrial apparatus for thermometric analysis comprising incombination, a tube, a specimen of the substance under examinationplaced in the tube, means "for transmitting to the outside of the tubeand amplifying the variations of the temperature of the specimen, andmeans for transn'iitting to the outside .of the tube and amplifying thevariations in the expansion of the spec imen.

i. Apparatus for thermometric expansion comprising a tube of silica, aspecimen of the substance under examination placed in the tube, meansfor transmitting to the outside of the tube and amplifying thevariations of the temperature of the specimen, and means fortransmitting to the outside of the tube and amplifying the variations inthe expansion of the specimen.

5. Apparatus for thermometric analysis comprising a tube, a specimen ofthe substance under examination place in the bottom of the tube, anaxial hole bored through the specimen, a needle located in the hole andimpinging upon the bottom of the tube, means for transmitting to theoutside of the tube the variations of the temperature 0t the specimenaccording to the variations of length of the needle resulting from theexpansion of the needle, and means for transmitting to the outside ofthe tube the variations of the length of the specin'ien resulting fromthe expansion of the latter.

6. Apparatus for thermometrio analysis comprising a tube, a specimen ofthe substance under examination placed in the bottom of the tube,anaxial hole'bored through the specimen, a needle located in the holeandimpinging-upon the bottom of the tube, means for transmitting to theoutside of the tube and amplifying the variations of the temperature ofthe specimen occording -t0-the variations of the length of the needleresulting from its expansion, and means for transmitting to the outsideof the tube and amplifying variations of the length of the specimenresulting from its expansion.

7. Apparatus for thermometric analysis comprising a tube, a specimen ofthe substance under examination placed in the bot tom of the tube, anaxial hole bored through the specimen, a needle located in the hole iii)April 1st, 1924, means for transmitting to the outside of the tube andamplifying the variations of the temperature of the specimen accordingto the variations of the length of the needle resulting from its expansion, and means for transmitting to the outside of the tube andamplifying variations of the length of the specimen resulting from itsexpansion.

9. Apparatus for thermometric analysis comprising a tube, a specimen ofthe substance under examination placed in the bot-' tom of the tube, anaxial hole bored through the specimen, a needle located in the hole andimpinging on. the bottom of the tube and constituted by a nickel alloy,means for transmitting to the outside of the tube and amplifying thevariations of the temperature of the specimen according to thevariations of the length of the needle resulting from its expansion, andmeans for transmitting to the outside of the tube and amplifying thevariations of the length of the specimen resulting from its expansion,the amplification of these variations of the length being different fromthe amplification of the variations of length of the needle, 4 i

10, Apparatus for thermometric analysis comprising a tube, a specimen ofthe sub stance under examination placed in the bottom of the tube, anaxial hole bored through the specimen, a needle located in the hole andimpinging on the bottom of the tube and constituted by an alloy exemptfrom .thermic anomalies, means for transmitting to the outside of thetube and amplifying the variations of the temperature of the specimenaccording to the variations of the length of the needle resulting fromits expansion, means for transmitting to the outside of the tube andamplifying the variations of the length of the specimen resulting fromits expansion, the amplification of these variations of length beingdifferent from the amplification of variations of the length of theneedle, a recording cylinder, means for recording on this cylinder thevariations transmitted to the outside of the tube and resulting from theneedle and from the specimen.

11. Apparatus for thermometric analysis comprising a tube in Which ispositioned a specimen of the substance to be analyzed, a needle formedof an alloy exempt from thermie anomalies extending through thespecimen, means operatively engaging said needle for amplifyingvariations in temperature of said specimen, means for amplifyingvariations in the expansion of said specimen, a recording cylinder, andmeans engaging said cylinder and cooperating with said temperature andexpansion means for graphically recording said variations on thecylinder.

In testimony whereof I have signed'this specification.

PIERRE CHEVENARD.

